Attachment theory focuses on relationships and bonds (particularly long-term) between people, including between a parent and child and between romantic partners. It is a psychological explanation for the emotional bonds and relationships between people.
The four patterns of attachment:
Secure Attachment
Children who can depend on their caregivers show distress when separated and joy when reunited. Although the child may be upset, they feel assured that the caregiver will return. When frightened, securely attached children are comfortable seeking reassurance from caregivers. This is the most common attachment style. Research suggests that 81.8% of people have a secure attachment style.
Ambivalent Attachment
(Anxious/Avoidant)
Children with an ambivalent attachment style become very distressed when a parent leaves. As a result of poor parental availability, these children cannot depend on their primary caregiver to be there when they need them.
Older research by Cassidy and Berlin estimated that 7% to 15% of U.S. children were ambivalently attached. More recent research indicates that around 13.2% have an anxious/avoidant style.
Avoidant Attachment
Children with an avoidant attachment tend to avoid parents or caregivers, showing no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger. This attachment style might be a result of abusive or neglectful caregivers. Children who are punished for relying on a caregiver will learn to avoid seeking help in the future.
Disorganized Attachment
Children with a disorganized attachment style display a confusing mix of behavior, seeming disoriented, dazed, or confused. They may avoid or resist the parent. Lack of a clear attachment pattern is likely linked to inconsistent caregiver behavior. In such cases, parents may serve as both a source of comfort and fear, leading to disorganized behavior.